Development of Teaching Materials Based on Fullan's Deep Learning Framework to Improve the Creative Thinking of Grade VI Elementary Students in Palopo City
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59175/pijed.v4i2.777Keywords:
Creative Thinking, Deep Learning, Teaching MaterialsAbstract
This study aims to develop teaching materials based on the pedagogical framework of Deep Learning. In the era of globalization and the industrial revolution 4.0, creative thinking as a 21st century skill is crucial, but students experience a "creativity crisis" due to the dominant memorization approach. Initial observations showed a low Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking as fluency, flexibility, and originality in Palopo, influenced by Bugis-Makassar cultural factors and limited resources. The research method used a systematic literature following PRISMA guidlines, analyzing 50 sources from the journal Scopus, the national journal SINTA, and seminar proceedings (2015-2025). Thematic analysis resulted in themes of deep learning concepts (Fullan, 2018), creativity indicators (Torrance, 1974), teaching material design, and implementation challenges. The results showed that deep learning with aware, meaningful, and encouraging elements increased creativity by up to 35% through thematic modules based on local culture, such as Bugis folklore and oil palm waste management projects. The ADDIE framework is proposed for development, in line with the Independent Curriculum. These teaching materials have the potential to address the stagnation of creativity, with recommendations for teacher training and contextual adaptation for replication in eastern Indonesia.
References
Akkaya, S., & Erkan, A. (2025). Examining Stakeholder Opinions on Coding Education in Primary Schools. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 12(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.52380/ijcer.2025.12.1.568
Alzubaidi, L. (2023). A survey on deep learning tools dealing with data scarcity: definitions, challenges, solutions, tips, and applications. Journal of Big Data, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-023-00727-2
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
Educational, U. N. (2021). Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) UNESCO Snapshots: 20th Anniversary of the Declaration on Cultural Diversity. UNESCO Publishing. unesdoc.unesco.org
Fenanattachir, A. (2024). Emotional Skills with Homogeneity Psycho Cognition Strategy: A Study of Physical Education in Elementary Schools. In Retos. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v54.104283
Geletu, G. M. (2022). The effects of teachers’ professional and pedagogical competencies on implementing cooperative learning and enhancing students’ learning engagement and outcomes in science: Practices and changes. Cogent Education, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2022.2153434
Ha, V. T. (2023). Teaching Science Using Argumentation-Supported 5E-STEM, 5E-STEM, and Conventional Didactic Methods: Differences in the Learning Outcomes of Middle School Students. Education Sciences, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13030247
Hafid, Abdul, S. S. (2025). Bibliometric Mapping of Character Values Education in Schools. Journal of Innovation in Educational and Cultural Research, 6(4), 714–724. https://doi.org/10.46843/jiecr.v6i4.1581
Hapidin, Pujianti, Y., Syarah, E. S., & Gunarti, W. (2023). Teacher’s Understanding of Project Learning Models through Children’s Comics with STEAM Content in Indonesia. In JPUD - Journal of Early Childhood Education. https://doi.org/10.21009/jpud.171.06
Juniawan, E. R., Sumarni, W., & Prasetya, A. T. (2024). Development of Ethno-STEM-Loaded Digital Science Teaching Materials: the Process of Making Traditional Sidoarjo Snacks Material of Force and Object Motion to Train Science Literacy in Elementary School Students. In Journal of Science Education Research. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i1.5948
Kahila, J., Vartiainen, H., Tedre, M., Arkko, E., Lin, A., Pope, N., Jormanainen, I., & Valtonen, T. (2024). Pedagogical framework for cultivating children’s data agency and creative abilities in the age of AI. In Informatics Educ. (Vol. 23, pp. 323–360). https://doi.org/10.15388/infedu.2024.15
Kalıp, N. G. (2022). Qualitative and quantitative patent valuation methods: A systematic literature review. In World Patent Information (Vol. 69). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wpi.2022.102111
Kao, Y.-F., Chen, H.-C., & Lo, J.-H. (2023). Exploring an Interdisciplinary Curriculum in Product and Media Design Education: Knowledge Innovation and Competency Development. In Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202310.1605.v1
Karakullukcu, O. F., & Yildiz, O. (2020). International Journal of Educational Methodology Generalized Discrimination Index. Academia.Edu, 6(2), 237–257. https://www.academia.edu/download/108505772/IJEM_6_1_153.pdf
Kim, K. H. (2011). The Creativity Crisis: The Decrease in Creative Thinking Scores on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Creativity Research Journal, 23(4), 285–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2011.627805
Kirshner, D. (2018). Critical issues in current representation system theory or a reaction to: “Linking representations in the symbol systems of algebra”1. In Research Issues in the Learning and Teaching of Algebra: the Research Agenda for Mathematics Education, Volume 4 (pp. 195–198). Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315044378-14
Löfving, C. (2023). Teachers’ negotiation of the cross-curricular concept of student digital competence. In Education and Information Technologies (pp. 1–20). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11800-x
Loizou, E., & Loizou, E. K. (2022). Creative play and the role of the teacher through the cultural-historical activity theory framework. In International Journal of Early Years Education (Vol. 30, pp. 527–541). https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2022.2065248
Maesaroh, & Martiyono. (2023). Educational Supervision to Improve the Quality of Learning in the Era of Independent Learning. Ar-Rihlah: Journal of Innovation in the Development of Islamic Education, 8(2), 128–136. https://doi.org/10.33507/ar-rihlah.v8i2.1838
Maor, R. (2023). Relationships between metacognition, creativity, and critical thinking in self-reported teaching performances in project-based learning settings. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2023.101425
Merchant, A. (2023). Scaling deep learning for materials discovery. Nature, 624(7990), 80–85. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06735-9
Mokhlis, S. (2024). Does teacher empowerment contribute to innovative work behaviour? International Journal of Management in Education, 18(2), 147–172. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMIE.2024.136926
OECD. (2019). PISA 2018 Insights and Interpretations. In PISA. Paris: OECD Publishing.
OECD. (2022). Does Higher Education Teach Students to Think Critically? Https://Www.Oecd.Org/En/Publications/Does-Higher-Education-Teach-Students-to-Think-Critically_cc9fa6aa-En.Html.
Oyewo, O., Ramaila, S., & Mavuru, L. (2022). Harnessing Project-Based Learning to Enhance STEM Students’ Critical Thinking Skills Using Water Treatment Activity. In Education Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12110780
Pečiuliauskienė, P. (2023). Science teachers’ collaborative innovative activities: the role of professional development and professional experience. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01833-5
Piaget, J., and Inhelder, B. (1962). The Psychology of the Child. Basic Books.
Prahastina, L., Indriayu, M., & Matsuri, M. (2024). Implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum and its Impact on Effective Learning Achievement in Elementary School. In Social, Humanities, and Educational Studies (SHES): Conference Series. https://doi.org/10.20961/shes.v7i1.84306
Prasetyo, A., Anam, E. C., Rawanoko, E. S., & Info, A. (2024). Challenges of Implementing Merdeka Curriculum in Pancasila Education Subjects in Elementary Schools. In Cakrawala: Journal of Citizenship Teaching and Learning. https://doi.org/10.70489/92sr7689
Salmia, & Hartono Bancong, S. (2023). Bibliometric mapping of publication trends on the use of learning media and character values in the Scopus data base from 2013 to 2022. Journal of Innovation in Educational and Cultural Research, 4(3), 494–502. https://doi.org/10.46843/jiecr.v4i3.712
Salmia, & Yusri, A. M. (2021). The Role of Teachers in 21st Century Learning during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Indonesian Journal of Primary Education, 5(1), 82–92.
Saripudin, M. (2022). Deeper learning, dialogic learning, and critical thinking: research-based strategies for the classroom. In Educational Review (Vol. 75, pp. 587–588). https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2022.2028416
Schneider, B., Chen, I., Bradford, L., & Bartz, K. (2022). Intervention initiatives to raise young people’s interest and participation in STEM. In Frontiers in Psychology (Vol. 13). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.960327
Shermukhammadov, B. (2022). Creativity of a Teacher in an Innovative Educational Environment. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 22(12), 126–132. https://doi.org/10.33423/jhetp.v22i12.5468
Shlezinger, N. (2023). Model-Based Deep Learning. Proceedings of the IEEE, 111(5), 465–499. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2023.3247480
Sigurðardóttir, M. S., & Heijstra, T. M. (2020). Mixed Approaches to Learning in the Flipped Classroom: How Students Approach the Learning Environment. The Canadian Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.5206/cjsotl-rcacea.2020.1.8098
Sudarmin, Munirah, S. (2024). Effectiveness of Mattabe’s Culture Integrated Pancasila Education Teaching Modules in Improving Learning Outcomes. PPSDP International Journal of Education, 3(October), 677–689.
Sudarmin, Salmia, A. A. (2023). Professional Competency Mastering in 21st Century Teacher Performance Effectiveness in Elementary Schools. JED, 8(4), 550–559. https://doi.org/10.26618/jed.v8i4.10917
Sudarmin. (2025). Pakarena Dance as a Medium for Character Education: A Phenomenological Study in South Sulawesi Elementary Schools. J Ournal of Local Wisdom in Education, 1(1), 18–32. https://doi.org/10.26618/7dvtkb48
Sudarmin Sukmawati, M. (2024). Development of a Pancasila Education Teaching Module with Integration of Mattabe’ Culture for Strengthening Student Character Values. Journal of Ecohumanism.
Sukmawati, Sudarmin, S. (2023). Development of Quality Instrument and Data Collection. Journal of Elementary School Teacher Education and Teaching, 6(1), 119–124.
Sumiati. (2022). Integration of local culture of Bugis-Makassar tribe A’bulo Sibatang, Assamaturu, Mappesabbi, Sipakatau based on Android to improve mathematical connection ability. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2577). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0096042
Wang, X. (2024). Deep Reinforcement Learning: A Survey. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, 35(4), 5064–5078. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNNLS.2022.3207346
Yang, X. (2023). A Survey on Deep Semi-Supervised Learning. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 35(9), 8934–8954. https://doi.org/10.1109/TKDE.2022.3220219
Zhou, X. (2024). Sociocultural Theory in Early Childhood Education. In Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/51/20240981
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Iin Dwi Aristy Putri, Erwin Akib, Munirah Munirah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
